Concept Map

Purpose

A Concept Map is a visual thinking tool that arranges concepts as nodes and draws labelled connections between them. Unlike linear lists or hierarchies, concept maps reveal cross-cutting relationships, feedback loops, and hidden dependencies — making them ideal for exploring complex systems, aligning mental models, and identifying knowledge gaps.

At a glance

• Group size: 3–10
• Duration: 30 minutes
• Difficulty: Intermediate
• Facilitation style: Collaborative visual mapping
• Setting: In-person or virtual

How to run

1. Define the focus question (2 min). Write a central question or topic. Example: “How does our customer support system work?”
2. Brainstorm concepts (5 min). Participants write key concepts on sticky notes (one per note). Aim for 15–25 concepts.
3. Arrange concepts (5 min). Place the most general concepts at the top or centre. More specific ones radiate outward.
4. Draw connections (10 min). Connect related concepts with lines. Label each connection with a verb or short phrase: “leads to”, “requires”, “conflicts with”.
5. Review cross-links (5 min). Look for unexpected connections between distant concepts. These cross-links often reveal the most valuable insights.
6. Reflect (3 min). Discuss: What surprised us? Where are the gaps? What do we need to learn more about?

Materials needed

• Large paper or digital whiteboard
• Sticky notes and markers
• Connecting lines (tape, drawn, or digital)

Pitfalls & common mistakes

• Unlabelled connections. A line without a label is ambiguous — always describe the relationship.
• Too many concepts. Start with 15–25; more becomes unreadable. You can always create sub-maps.
• Forcing a hierarchy. Concept maps are networks, not org charts. Allow messy, cross-cutting connections.

Inclusion & accessibility

• Read the map aloud section by section for non-sighted participants.
• Use high-contrast colours and large text.
• Allow participants to contribute concepts verbally if writing is difficult.

Variations

• Expert vs novice comparison: Two groups build maps separately, then compare to identify knowledge gaps.
• Living concept map: Add to the map over weeks as understanding grows.
• Digital-first: Tools like CmapTools, Miro, or Coggle are purpose-built for concept mapping.

When NOT to use this

• When you need a strict hierarchy or decision tree — use a radial idea map or flowchart instead.
• When the topic is too narrow to generate meaningful connections.

Source & further reading

• Novak, J. D. & Cañas, A. J. (2008). The Theory Underlying Concept Maps. *IHMC.*
• Buzan, T. (2006). *The Mind Map Book.* BBC Active.